MSc Virtual Reality · Swansea University · 2024–2026

Sands of Time AR
Bringing Invisible History to Life

Oystermouth Castle Chapel · A 14th-century crucifixion fresco
reimagined through Augmented Reality and spatial computing

84.0SUS Score
100%Task Success
10Participants
1327Chapel Extended
Watch the AR Experience
Scroll to Explore
Chapter I · The Lost Chapel of Alina de Braose

A Lost Medieval
Masterpiece

Between 1327 and 1331, Alina de Braose — widow, survivor, and rightful Lady of Gower — extended and transformed the Chapel Tower at Oystermouth Castle. After years of imprisonment, dispossession, and loss under the tyranny of the Despensers, she returned to reclaim not just her lands but her spirit.

As Anthony Hughes writes in Oystermouth Castle: A Personal Tour, the Chapel Tower stands as "the most eloquent architectural expression of her recovery" — a space not of ostentation but of reparation: private worship, reflection, and healing. Its refined masonry, trefoil-headed windows, and graceful proportions speak of a woman who turned pain into beauty and greed's ruin into holiness.

Within this chapel, a 14th-century crucifixion fresco was painted — depicting two angels beneath a Gothic architectural canopy, accompanied by heraldic shields of the de Braose family. For seven centuries, that vibrant sacred artwork has been invisible to visitors, hidden beneath layers of whitewash and the quiet decay of time itself.

Using cutting-edge spatial AR technology on the XREAL Air 2 Ultra glasses and Beam Pro, we have digitally reconstructed the chapel as it appeared in Alina's lifetime — returning colour, narrative, and devotion to stone that has stood silent for generations.

The south recess — the confession spot — once bore the fresco Alina commissioned as an act of faith transfigured through endurance. Today, through AR, it lives again. — Hughes, A. (2024). Oystermouth Castle: A Personal Tour. Local Heritage Publishing.

William de Braose coat of arms — a golden lion on azure
Arms of the de Braose Family Alina de Braose · Chapel Extension c. 1327–1331
Azure · a lion rampant or
Chapter III · The Instrument

Powered by Spatial Computing

Two devices working in concert — one worn at the eye, one held in the hand — together collapsing seven hundred years into a single glance. No markers. No WiFi. No friction.

XREAL · AIR 2 ULTRA
Device 01 · Headset
XREAL Air 2 Ultra

Lightweight AR glasses painting the medieval world directly onto 700-year-old stone. No screens between you and history.

  • Field of View52° diagonal
  • Tracking6DoF Spatial
  • DisplayMicro-OLED 1920×1080
  • Weight~72g (featherlight)
  • Price~£600 consumer
SANDS OF TIME AR BEAM PRO
Device 02 · Controller
XREAL Beam Pro

The pilgrim's lantern — a portable spatial controller running Unity AR on Android, requiring no WiFi or external markers.

  • ProcessorSnapdragon 8 Gen 2
  • RAM8GB
  • OSAndroid 13 (API 33)
  • BuildUnity 2022.3.62f3 LTS
  • App47.3MB APK · 60 FPS
Chapter IV · The Evidence

Validated by Academic Research

MSc Dissertation · Mixed-Methods Study · Version 4 (Markerless) · n = 10 participants · Oystermouth Castle Chapel · March 2026

84.0
SUS Score
Excellent usability — above 80 threshold (Brooke, 1996). All 10 participants above average.
100%
Task Success
10 of 10 participants accessed AR content and activated InfoButton with zero assistance.
2.04
UEQ Overall
Excellent experience on −3 to +3 scale. All five dimensions scored above 1.8.
"It makes so much more sense seeing it right there on the wall rather than a picture on a panel."
— Participant P03 · Oystermouth Castle Chapel · March 2026
Chapter V · The Fellowship

Participant Demographics

n = 10 volunteers recruited from Swansea University community. All sessions at Oystermouth Castle Chapel, 3–8 March 2026..

⚔ The Ten Participants
P01
M
P02
F
P03
M
P04
F
P05
M
P06
F
P07
M
P08
F
P09
M
P10
M
⬡ Male (6)   ⬡ Female (4)
Age range: 22–58 yrs
Median: 31 yrs
Mean: 34.2 yrs
SD: ±11.3 yrs
📜 Background
▪ Postgraduate Students4
▪ Castle Staff Members3
▪ Alumni Students3
🔮 Prior AR Experience
▪ No prior AR experience60%
▪ Smartphone AR only30%
▪ MSc VR background10%
None had prior XREAL experience
Chapter VI · The Trials

Development Iterations

Four prototypes. Three abandoned. One victorious. Only Version 4 underwent formal user testing with 10 participants.

01
iPad LiDAR + Vuforia
Abandoned · Jan 2026

Achieved ±2mm spatial precision combining Vuforia marker detection with iPad LiDAR mesh. Technically excellent — but iOS dependency made it incompatible with XREAL Air 2 Ultra (Android-only). Platform mismatch ended it before any participant saw it.

Why abandoned iOS ↔ Android incompatibility — insurmountable
02
Hybrid Vuforia-XREAL SDK
Abandoned · 15 Feb 2026

Both SDKs demand exclusive camera access — Android cannot serve both simultaneously. Two weeks of attempts produced only crashes and tracking failures. Camera conflict proved fundamental, not solvable within project scope.

Why abandoned SDK camera conflict — irreconcilable
03
Marker-Based XREAL SDK
Abandoned · Late Feb 2026

Printed markers placed at measured chapel positions. Detection succeeded only 60% of the time — dropping to 40% in sunlight, 30% in shadow. WiFi through stone walls caused additional failures. Castle volunteer SUS ≈ 3.6/5 — poor.

Why abandoned Environmental fragility · WiFi dependency · poor usability
04
Simplified Markerless ✦
Tested · 10 Participants · March 2026

AR content fixed at 2 metres from the user. No markers, no WiFi, no lighting conditions. Wear the glasses, launch the app — the 14th-century fresco appears. Elegance over complexity.

84.0SUS Score
100%Task Success
90%Recommend
Chapter VII · The Reckoning

System Usability Scale

SUS administered to all 10 participants (Version 4 only). Threshold ≥80: excellent usability (Brooke, 1996). Individual: P01=85.0, P02=87.5, P03=92.5, P04=82.5, P05=80.0, P06=85.0, P07=75.0, P08=87.5, P09=80.0, P10=85.0.

84.0
Mean SUS Score
Excellent · SD=5.48
85.0
Median Score
Consistent central tendency
90%
Scored ≥80
9 of 10 — Excellent tier
0
Below Threshold (68)
All participants above average
Individual SUS Scores — All 10 Participants (Version 4 Only, n=10)
── Excellent Threshold (80) Min: 75.0 (P07) · Max: 92.5 (P03) · Range: 17.5
Chapter VIII · The Wisdom

User Experience Questionnaire

UEQ scale −3 to +3. All five dimensions ≥1.8. Overall mean 2.04 — Excellent. Novelty scored highest (2.20), validating the AR experience as genuinely innovative to participants.

Pragmatic Quality
Perspicuity
2.15
SD=0.32 · Ease of becoming familiar · EXCELLENT
Efficiency
2.08
SD=0.41 · Speed of task completion · EXCELLENT
Dependability
1.95
SD=0.38 · Sense of control · GOOD
Hedonic Quality
Stimulation
1.82
SD=0.45 · Engagement level · GOOD
Novelty
2.20
SD=0.35 · Innovativeness ← Highest · EXCELLENT
Overall UEQ
2.04
SD=0.28 · All dimensions ≥1.8 — Excellent experience
■ Excellent (>2.0) ■ Good (1.5–2.0)
Chapter IX · The Voices

Qualitative Findings

Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) of semi-structured interviews with all 10 participants revealed five recurring themes.

I
10 / 10 · Universal
Spatial Comprehension
"It makes so much more sense seeing it right there on the wall rather than a picture on a panel" — P03

"I could actually understand the space and how the paintings related to the architecture" — P08
II
9 / 10 Participants
Simplicity & Immediacy
"I just put on the glasses and it was there — no fiddling with markers or anything" — P05

"So much easier than AR apps I've used on my phone" — P02
III
10 / 10 · Universal
Historical Value
"I had no idea there were paintings here. This brings the history to life" — P01

"The information about the de Braose family really added context" — P09
IV
8 / 10 Participants
Visual Quality
"The colors looked really vibrant and authentic" — P04

"Nice level of detail on the angels and shields" — P10
V
7 / 10 Participants
Comfort & Wearability
"Much lighter than I expected for AR glasses" — P02

"Could wear these for a full castle tour without discomfort" — P06
Chapter X · The Decree

Satisfaction & Recommendations

Overall Satisfaction (n=10)
Excellent
80%
Good
20%
Would Recommend (n=10)
Definitely Yes
90%
Probably Yes
10%
Interest in Extended Content (n=10)
Very Interested
70%
Somewhat
30%
Participant Improvement Suggestions
8
Extend AR to other castle areas
6
Audio narration alongside text
5
Additional historical periods / layers
2
Higher resolution textures
1
Zoom in on specific details
1
Multiple language options (Welsh/English)
Chapter XI · The Showcase
Easter Sunday · 5 April 2026 Approved Public Showcase

Our AR App Got Approved
for Public Showcase

Oystermouth Castle · Easter Day · 5 April 2026 · Field Study with Live Visitors

"
This is magic. I have never seen history come alive like this before. £5 for castle entry is worth it solely because of this AR glasses experience.
— Easter Day Visitor · Age 10 Field Study · Oystermouth Castle · 5 April 2026
View LinkedIn Post
#PhysicalAI #SwanseaCouncil #XREAL #WelshHeritage #OystermouthCastle #AugmentedReality
Chapter XII · The Nation

Preserving Wales's Medieval Legacy

127
Cadw-managed heritage sites across Wales, from hill forts to abbeys.
20%
At high risk by 2030 due to climate crisis and coastal erosion.
£15M
Welsh Government Digital Heritage Strategy 2025–2030.
Grade I
Oystermouth Castle — listed 12th-century Norman fortress, Mumbles, Swansea.

Supported By

SC
Swansea Council
Heritage Services — site access & historical records
SU
Swansea University
MSc Virtual Reality · Faculty of Science & Engineering
Cw
Cadw
Welsh Government historic environment service
HA
Heritage AR Solutions
"Bringing invisible history to life through immersive storytelling"
Chapter XIII · What Comes Next

The Complete Chapel Experience

We are building a full-scale AR reconstruction of Oystermouth Castle Chapel, guided by Alina — an AI-powered medieval narrator who brings the 14th-century world to life, one whispered story at a time.

I
✓ Complete · 2025–2026
Crucifixion Fresco AR Prototype

Version 4 validated with 10 participants at Oystermouth Castle Chapel. SUS 84.0, 100% task success, 90% recommendation rate. Markerless approach proven superior to all marker-based alternatives.

II
◐ In Progress · Q2 2026
Full Chapel Interior Reconstruction

All four walls, rood screen, seraphim register, Gothic arches, piscina, window tracery and trefoil arches. Expanding to other castle areas — requested by 80% of participants.

III
○ Planned · 2026
Alina — AI Medieval Narrator

Conversational heritage guide powered by spatial AR and LLM. Multilingual (Welsh/English). Contextual storytelling. Audio narration — requested by 60% of participants. Powered by TRIBE v2 cognitive salience layer.

IV
○ Vision · 2027
Multi-Site Welsh Castle AR Platform

Caerphilly · Conwy · Harlech · Caernarfon · Margam. A living digital map of medieval Wales. TechNation Innovator Founder pathway.

With Gratitude

My Sincere Thanks

This work was made possible by the generosity, expertise, and spirit of the following individuals and organisations.

Research Supervisor

Guidance on research direction, methodology, and overall project development throughout the MSc dissertation.

Technical Guidance

Technical guidance and Unity / XREAL development insights that shaped the final prototype.

VR Lab Technical Support
Garth Evans

Technical support across the VR lab, device setup, and development assistance throughout the project.

Heritage Coordinator · Swansea Council

Main coordinator for site access, communication with Swansea Council and Oystermouth Castle volunteers. · erika.kluge@swansea.gov.uk

Historical Expertise · Book Author
Anthony Hughes

Historical expertise, book author of Oystermouth Castle: A Personal Tour, site tour, and interpretation guidance. · efreedom@icloud.com

Castle Volunteer
John Summers

Oystermouth Castle volunteer support, digital tour reference, and invaluable feedback throughout the project. · jimcennen@googlemail.com

Castle Volunteer
Paul Lewis

Volunteer at Oystermouth Castle — generous support throughout the project. · paul.lewis166@hotmail.co.uk

Community Heritage Organisation

Continued heritage support, preservation, and community engagement — the guardians who keep the castle's story alive for future generations.

The Chronicle in Images

A Journey Told in Photographs

From the first sketch in the VR lab to the Easter Sunday public showcase — every moment that brought invisible history back to life.

The Journey — Oystermouth Castle & Beyond
The Journey — Oystermouth Castle & Beyond April 2026
Testing Day — Chapel Walk-through
Testing Day — Chapel Walk-through March 2026
With Erika, Anthony & John · Oystermouth Castle
With Erika, Anthony & John · Oystermouth Castle February 2026
VR Lab · Swansea University Bay Campus
VR Lab · Swansea University Bay Campus February 2026
LiDAR Scanning · Oystermouth Castle Chapel
LiDAR Scanning · Oystermouth Castle Chapel February 2026
Testing Day 1 · Oystermouth Castle Mumbles
Testing Day 1 · Oystermouth Castle Mumbles March 2026
Final Day Testing · Oystermouth Castle
Final Day Testing · Oystermouth Castle March 2026
Snow Crash · The Book That Started It All
Snow Crash · The Book That Started It All January 2026